Electrical circuit for measuring the ratio of two potentials



July 28, 1953 J. L. SAUNDERSON ETAL ELECTRICAL CIRGUIT FOR MEASURING THE RATIO OF TWO POTENTIALS Filed May 20, 1948 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Tfrner INVENTORS.

Jason L. Sauna/ervan By V/'c/o/'J aka/ecour/ Eugene n( ,0e/arson ATTORNEY` J. I.. sAuNDERsoN E-rAL 2,647,235 ELECTRICI..y CIRCUIT FOR MEASURING THE RATIO OF TWO POTENTIALS 2 Sheets-#Sliee'I 2 July 28, 1953 Filed May 2o, 1948` QNIIWHWSHT y ,Eg

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A TT ORNE YS Patented July 28, 1953 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT roe. MEASURLNG, 11H12 RATIO 0F TWO.v rOrENTIALs Application May 20, 1948' ,`Serial No. 287,138 7 claims. (o1. sgr-,140)

rIihis invention relates to electrical circuitsv for measuring the ratio ofA tWo potentials and tothe electrical methods involved in such measurements.

In several types of scientific instruments it is necessary to` measure the ratio of two electrical potentials, for instance the ratio of the voltages on two chargedy condensers. A typical case is that of the direct-reading photoeleotricy spectrochemical analyzer described in our copending application Serial No. 650,676, filedw February 27, 1946, of which this application is a continuationin-part. In that instrument, the varying photocurrents Vproduced by the incidence of selected spectral lines on photocells are integrated by storing the currents in condensers; the integrated. values are then compared by determining they ratios of the voltages ofy various condenser pairs. voltage .ratios are. measured include the tristimulus integrator for photoelectric color analyzers as well asa variety of electrical computers in` which `condensers function as integrators or as memory devices.

With prior instruments of these types, the ratio of two potentials has most frequently been determined by measuringy each of the potentials separately anduthen computing the ratio-from the measured Values. This procedure, while adecuate for some purposes, is disadvantageous in that the desired quanti-ty is not obtained directly but must be calculated from two other observations, a circumstance which introduces several sources of possible error. Further, the procedure is time-consuming and hence entirely unsuited to use in repeated determinations'where speed is essential, as is the Vcase with instruments for routine control of industrial processes.

It is therefore they principal object of .the present invention to provide a circuit which will measure the ratio of two potentials and produce directly an indication of that ratio. Another object is to provide a vcircuit Whichis simple and rugged and is suitable for use. over long periods in instruments in which thousands of ratio determinations must be made each day. v,A related object is to provide a method for measuring potential ratios. lOther objects and advan-` tages will be apparent from the description to follow.

The invention may be explained in detailwith reference to the accompanying drawings, in

which:

Fig. 1 is a highly simplied diagram illustrating one of the circuits according t9 Athe inVGne Other instruments in which condenser 2v tion which is generally useul in the measurement of potential ratios;

Fig.. 2 is an adaptation ofthe circuit of Fig. l to the instance where the sources off potential are condensers charged by Dhotocells;

Fig. 3 is another adaptation of the circuit of Fig. 1 for measuring vtwo potential ratiossimultaneously;

Fie. 4 is a diagram 0f e preferred form of an actual measuring circuit corresponding to the simpliiiedV diagrams of Fig. 2;

Fig. 5 is a diagram ofv thev SWQh. Gilcuity for actuating the relays of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is va simplified diagram illustrating an ,alternative circuit according t0 12h@ nvetlbn;

,lows the. equation:

where Vo is the initial voltage, V is the voltage after ,time t, and e. is the base of natural logarithms. By taking logarithme, the Eerst-leal may be Written as:

(2) tV=RC ln Vo/-V From this latter equation, it is apparent that a direct indication ori the ratio of' the voltages V and V0 may be Qbtaued simply by measuring the time t required ,for the condenser to dischargefyfromthe higher voltage to the. lower.

If. then. itl is desired to measure the feti@ of any tifo unequal Potentials. it is necessary only t0 provide e seedsessf having s estestiel equal to that of the higher of the two potentials, cause it to discharge esponenti/ahy, and measure the .time required .for it to reach a rmtenti-al equal .to thtof' the lever Qf the two potentiels Brom. `rrthis time iilterval .and a knowledge of the time constant of the discharge circuit, the ratio of the two potentials is vat once obtained. This msthod'oi measurement is the basis ef s erferred form of the present invention., illustrated schematically in Fig. 1. v

The .simplified circuit Off Fig, '1, is intended for measuring the ratio of the .potentials of tiro. sources V1 and V2. Vi, the higher of; the two potentials, is normally `connected through two:

way switches 8 and 8 to a condenser 9. In the other position of these switches, the condenser 9 is connected to its discharging resistor I0, the latter being preferably of such resistance that the time-constant (RC value) of the discharge circuit is of the order of several seconds. The potential V2 may be connected in series with the condenser discharge circuit by switches II and II, the polarities being such that the Voltage across the leads I2 and I2 represents the difference between V2 and the falling potential on the condenser 9. These leads go to the input circuit of a direct-current electron-tube ampliner I 3 having a high input impedance. The output circuit of the amplifier operates a normallyopen voltage-responsive relay I4, the circuit being adjusted so that the relay closes when the lead I2 is at a higher potential than the lead I2 but opens when the two leads are at the same potential. Closing of the relay I4 actuates a timer I5 driven electrically from a power source I6.

In the normal condition of the circuit of Fig. l, the potential on the condenser 9 remains equal to V1; V2 is not in the circuit. When a ratio measurement is to be made, the switches 8, 8', II, and II are thrown simultaneously, connecting the condenser 9 to its resistor I0 and thereby causing it to begin discharging at an exponentially declining rate. The instant the switches are thrown, the amplifier I3 detects a potential diierence between the leads I2 and I2 and closes the relay I4, starting the timer I5. As the condenser 9 continues to discharge, the voltage between the leads I2 and I2 ultimately reaches zero, whereupon the relay I4 opens, stopping the timer. The reading of the timer, then, represents the interval required for the condenser 9 to discharge through the resistor I0 from the potential V1 to the potential V2. This timer reading, then, is, in accordance with the Equation 2 above, directly proportional to the logarithm of the ratio V1/V2. If the numerical value of the ratio is desired, it can be calculated from the known RC value of the discharge circuit. Likewise, if one of the voltages is known, the other can be computed. In practice, however, it is most convenient'to calibrate the scale of the timer directly in terms of potential ratios by determining the scale reading for one or more actual measurements on potential sources of diierent known ratios. Then, ratios of unknown potentials, can be measured by actuating the circuit as described and reading the ratio directly from the calibrated timer scale.

Although the circuit of Fig. l may be used for determining the ratio of the potentials of any two sources, whatever their character, it is particularly useful when the sources are both charged condensers. In such a case, one of the two condensers may also function as the discharging condenser in the measuring circuit, as will be more fully evident from Fig. 2.

The circuit of Fig. 2 is intended for measuring the ratio of the intensities of light from the sources I'I and II falling on two photocells I8 and I8. The cell I8 is connected by two-way switches 8 and 8 to a condenser 9 while the cell i8 is similarly connected by switches II and II' to another condenser I9. The remainder of the circuit is identical with that of Fig. l.

With the switches in the positions shown, the condensers accumulate charges which represent the integrated values of the photocell outputs and hence are proportional to the. intensities, Q

the light sources II and I l. Consequently, a determination of the ratio of the potentials on the condensers 9 and I9 gives a measure of the ratio of the intensities of the light sources. This ratio is determined by throwing the switches 8, 8', Il, and I I simultaneously, whereupon the timer I5 is actuated at the same instant the condenser 9 begins to discharge. When the potential across the discharging condenser 9 equals that on the condenser I9, the amplifier I3 stops the timer I5. The ratio of condenser potentials is then calculated from the timer indication as already explained. For repetitive determinations, the timer may, if desired, be calibrated directly in terms of light intensityratios.

While the circuits of Figs. l and 2 are adapted to measure only a single potential ratio, it is equally possible according to the invention to utilize a single condenser discharging circuit to determine a plurality of ratios simultaneously. Such a circuit is illustrated in Fig. 3, in which the potential of the source V1 is to be compared with each of the sources V2 and V3 of lower potential. In making a measurement, the switches 8, 8', Il, II', II2 and II3 are thrown simultaneously, initiating the discharge of the condenser 9 and causing both relays I4 and I4 to close, thus starting both timers I5 and I5. The action of the amplifier I3 stops the timer I5 when the falling potential on the condenser 9 equals V2. Likewise, the amplifier I3 stops the timer I5' when the falling potential equals V3. Hence the indication of the timer I5 is a measure of the potential ratio V1/V2, While the reading of the timer I5 is indicative of the ratio V1/V3. By adding more amplifier-timer circuits in parallel with those for V2 and V3, as many potential ratios relative to V1 as may be desired can be measured at one time.

The detailed arrangement of a preferred form of measuring circuit according to the invention may be explained with reference to Figs. 4 and 5. The circuits are shown in normal position, i. e. before a ratio determination is made. Under this condition, the higher potential V1 to be measured is imposed through the normally closed con-V tacts of the relay 20 on the condenser 9, the other potential V2 being similarly connected through a relay 2| to the condenser I9.

Operation of the relay 20 connects the condenser 9 across its discharge resistor I6, the higher potential terminal of the latter being biased slightly negative to ground by a standard cell 22. Actuation of the other relay 2l connects one terminal of the condenser IS in opposed series with the condenser 9 and the other to a lead 23 forming part of the input circuit of the directcurrent amplier I3. The amplier output passes through leads 24 and 24 to energize the coil of the normally-open timer relay 25. When this latter closes, it allows energy to flow from a timer power supply lead 26 into the circuit 21 for driving the timer I5 (Fig. 2). Closing of the timer relay 25 also transfers the amplifier grid circuit 28 from the lead 29a directly to the condenser lead 23.

The timer power supply lead 26 may be connected to the timer power source I6 through the normally-open contacts of another relay 29. The normally-closed contacts of this latter serve to link the condenser lead 23 with the lead 30, to which the negative terminal of the standard cell is also connected through a lead 3|. The tie lead 30 also goes to the normally-open contact of a relay 32, the normally closed contacts of which interconnect the lead 29e vwith the condenser lead .23.

The amplifier I3 comprises two stages and .is stabilizedat low gain by a feedback. circuit which mayy be broken by a relay 33, to convert it to a high-gain state for a short time. As show-n, the first stage of the amplifier consists of a high gain pentode 34 with low screen, plate, .and iilament voltages, e. g. a 6J'7, so .that the input resistance will be high. This rst stage is direct-coupled to a second `stage y3'5, comprising vtwo `triodes in one envelope, e. g. a 6SN'7, operated'at conventional voltages and connected to stabilize the cathode current. The output of this stage .is supplied to the timer relay 2t, as already explained- The stabilizing feedback circuit comprises an adjustable voltage divider 3e. the relay 33, and a feedback stage or pentode the plate of which Yis coupled to the second grid of the first stage. The control grid of this feedback stage is connected to a condenser 33, conveniently of about 1.0 microfarad capacity, the other side of which is linked through a resistor 39 to the feedback stage cathode. Further details of this amplilier arrangement, and its advantages, are set forth in our co-pending application 650,6??6, filed February 27, 1946, now Patent No. 2,577,814; the amplifier is claimed in a divisional application `Serial No. 213,406, led March l, i951.

4The coils -of the .various relays rnayv be energized by power from a common source di), the return in all cases 'being through ground. As is evident from Fig. 5, the relays are actuated by pressing on the button of a normally-open switch 4|, which simultaneously closes the circuits -to the relays 20, 2|, 29, and 33. A spring-type time-delay mechanism incorporated in the switch permits the circuit to the relay 32 to close slightly after the other contacts are made, this delay being necessary to prevent the relay from closing before the relay 25 has been actuated.

Aslong as all relays are in the positions shown in Fig. 4, the condensers il and iii remain at the potentials V1 and V2. rThe input grid 28 ofthe amplifier lis likewise at a fixed potential below ground imposed by the standard cell 22 through the lead 3|, the relay 29, the lead 23, the relay 32, the lead 29a, and the relay 25. With this condition obtaining, the operator adjusts the voltage-divider 36 so that the timer relay 25, While still in normal position, will be .activated whenever -the grid potential is depressed below thatimposed by thestandard cell.

In making a voltage ratio determination, the operator zeros the timer le and then depresses the switch 4l, holding it down throughout the determination. As the switch closes, the relays 20, 2|, 2,9 and 33 are instantly activated. The condensers A9 and i9 are at once disconnected fr omthe potentials V1 and V2 and are connected inopposed series. At this same time the amplifier feedback circuit is broken by the relay 33, connecting the amplifier to a high gain or measuring state. Simultaneously the amplifier input grid 28 experiences a potential which is depressed below that of the standard cell by an amount equal to the difference between V1 and V2; the amplifier then closes the timer relay 25. Since the relay 29 has been actuated at the same time, power flows from the source it to the timer, causing Vthe latter to start recording. After the brief delay built into the switch 4l has passed, the relay 32 is also actuated; there is no immediate change in conditions but the circuits are thus readied for the renol of the recordingy period.

'isof .the order ofva fewseconds.

As .time proceeds, the .condenser .9; continues to dischargeythrougli-V its, resistor ,Inf and ultimately reaches afpotential .equal yto that on the other condenser 1:9; At thisinstant the amplifier input potential is. again .equal to that of the standardcell; the: amplifier yat once releases the timer relay 25, thereby stopping-the. timer l5. This release of the timer relay also disconnects the .ampliner grid: from. the condensers and ref connects it to the standard cell 22 by way of the lead 2.9%, :the energized,re1|ay32v and the leads 30 andv 3l, therebyzpreyenting flow of grid current which might.. otherwise occur. They operatorthen releases the switch Hand all circuits ,returnA to the normal conditioniready `for anotherfdetermination. The .indication of the timer l5 may be readies ameasure ofthe potential ratio 'Vi/V2, as previously explained.v

In the circuitsof Figs. 1 to `5,-the-l1igher of the two potentials of which the ratio is to be measured is imposed ena condenser ywhich also functions .as the dicharging condenser. While this type of circuit .is ,advantageous because of its simplicty, .it is. also .pessima-,within the invention, to .utilize a separate or .auxiliary condensery the potential of which need .not even be known, pro-- vided it is higher than that of either potentialy to be measured. In such aycircuit the. auxiliary condenser is allowed to discharge vat an exponentially declining rate land :there is determined the time vinterval required for the auxiliary condenser to discharge from ,a potential equal yto that of the higher of the; two ypotentials to be measuredto that .oftheother of the twopotentials. This time interval is a measure of the ratio of the two potentials, as may ybe seen from the following:

Assuming that the .auxiliary condenser is at an initial potential'Ve, and that the two potentials to "be measured, e. g. of two .charged condensers, are vV1 and V2. lFrom Equation 2 above, the time t1 required :for the vauxiliary .condenser to discharge from Vo to V1 is where RoCo is the time-constant of vthe .auxiliary condenser discharge circuit. Likewise the time tz for the auxiliary condenser to discharge from Vo to V2 is tzIRoC'o .1n Vo/Vz subtracting r( 4) frbm (3). Vthere is lobtained y (5) tl--tzI-ROCO 1n lf2/V1 But ti-tz is the time required for the auxiliary condenser to discharge from V1 to V2, and is independent of Vu.

A measuring `circuit `operating on this latter basis is illustrated schematically in Fig. 6. in this circuit, the two potentialsto be measured, V1 and V2, are normally imposed through two-way switches v4l-42' and `4 .3---113 ,on storage c011- densers 44 and 45. An auxiliary dischargefcondenser 46 is normally maintained at a higher potential, the Value of which need not be known, from a source Vo-through ytwofway switches ,el and'l. In the .other position of these switches the condenser 46 is connectedto its discharging resistor 48, the :latter being of magnitude suchthat the time-constant .-of the discharge circuit The -other posi tion of the switches 42,422.43, and 43 connects each of .the condensersM and 45 separately in opposedseries with the Aauxiliary condenser llt.

The differences `between each of the lpotentialsI V1. and V2. and tl'iat of the auxiliary condenser 45 go to the input circuits of direct-current ampliers 49 and 50. The output circuit of the amplier 49 contains a normally-closed relay 5I while that of the other amplifier U includes a normallyopen relay 52. These two relays are in series with each other and with a power source I6 for driving a timer I5. Each amplier is set to actuate its relay when it detects a negative input voltage and to release the relay when it detects a zero input voltage.

In measuring the ratio of Vi/Vz with the circuit of Fig. 6, the switches 41, 4l', 42, 42', 43, and 43 are thrown simultaneously. Both ampliers immediately detect negative input voltages, and both relays 5I and 52 are at once activated. However, the timer circuit is still open so the timer I5 does not operate. The potential on the auxiliary condenser 46 declines gradually until it reaches a value equal to V1. At this point, the amplifier 49 detects a zero input potential and releases the relay 5|. The timer I5 at once begins recording. The potential on condenser 46 then further declines until it reaches a value equal to V2, at which instant the amplifier 50 releases its relay 52, stopping the timer I5.v The indication of the latter may then be read, giving a measure of the ratio Vz/Vi, as already explained. If desired, the timer scale may be calibrated directly in terms of voltage ratios.

The circuits of Figs. 1 to 6 operate with the discharging of only one condenser. However, potential ratios may also be measured according to the invention by utilizing circuits in which more than one condenser is allowed to discharge. In this latter adaptation, the ratio of the potentials of two charged condensers is measured by simultaneously dissipating the charge on each of the condensers'at an exponentially varying rate and determining the difference in the times required for the two condensers to reach the same predetermined low potential. Thisr time interval is a measure of the ratio of the two initial potentials.

Thus, from Equation 2 above, the time t1 required for one condenser of capacitance C1 to discharge through a resistor R1 from an initial potential V1 to a predetermined low vpotential Vf iS (6) llIRlCl 1I). Vi/Vf Likewise, the time t2 for a second condenser oi capacitance C2 to discharge through a resistor R2 from an initial potential V2 to the same low potential Vf is If the resistances and capacitances are chosen so that their products are equal to'some selected value RC, that is, ify

(8) RiCiIRzC'zzRC Then, by combining Equations 6, 7, and 8 it follows that But ti-tz is the difference in the times required for the two condensers to discharge to Vf. The observation of this time interval thus gives a measure of the voltage ratio V1/V2.

A circuit utilizing this principle is shown schematically in Fig. 7. In this circuit, the two potentials to be measured are normally imposed on the condensers 53 and 54 by two-way switches 55--55 and 56-56'. In their other positions, these switches connect the condensers to their respective discharging resistors 5'I and 58, which are chosen so that the time-constants (RC values) of the two condenser-resistor pairs are equal. The course of the discharge on each of the condensers is followed by its individual amplier 59 or 69. The output circuit of the amplifier 59 contains a normally-open relay 6I while that of the other amplifier 60 contains a normally-closed relay 62. These two relays are in series with each other and with a power source I6 for operating a timer I5. The amplifiers are adjusted so that each actuates its respective relay when it detects a substantial negative voltage across its input but releases the relay when the input potential reaches a predetermined low value, e. g. 1.0 volt, which is the same for both ampliers.

In the normal position of the circuit of Fig. 7, the condensers 53 and 54 remain at the voltages V1 and V2. A measurement of the voltage ratio may be made by throwing simultaneously the switches 55-55 and 56-56'. The amplifiers 59 and 60 at once detect substantial voltages and operate their respective relays 6I and 62. The timer I5 still receives no impulse and remains inactive. The potentials on the condensers 53 and 54 decline at exponential rates until that on condenser 54 reaches the predetermined low value. At this instant, the amplier 60 releases its relay 62, closing the timer circuit and starting the timer I5. When, later, the potential on the condenser 53 also reaches the predetermined Value, the amplier 59 releases its relay 6I, breaking the timer circuit. The indication of the timer I5 is thus a measure of the difference in the times of discharge of the two condensers` to the same value and is indicative of the ratio Vi/Vz.

Details of complete circuits corresponding to the schematic diagrams of Figs. 6 and 7 will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art particularly from the discussion of the circuit of Fig. 4. A detailed circuit embodying the principle of Fig. 7 may also be found in our application Serial No. 650,676, filed February 27, 1946, to which express reference is hereby made.

It will be appreciated that the foregoing speciiication is descriptive rather than strictly limitative of the present invention and that numerous variations of the details shown are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention, as dened in the following claims.

What is yclaimed is:

1. In apparatus for determining the ratio of two potentials, a condenser, means for charging the condenser to a potential at least equal to the higher of the two potentials to be measured, a circuit comprising a resistor for discharging the condenser, switching means for connecting the condenser to its discharging rcircuit during a measuring period, relay means responsive to the falling potential on the discharging condenser for initiating a timing impulse when the potential on the discharging condenser equals the higher of the two potentials to be measured and for terminating the impulse when the condenser potential equals the lower of the two potentials, and a timer for indicating the duration of the timing impulse.

2. In apparatus for determining the ratio of two potentials, a condenser, means -for charging the condenser to a potential at least equal to the higher of the two potentials to be measured, a circuit comprising a resistor for discharging the condenser, an electron-tube amplier for following the discharge of the condenser, switching means for connecting the condenser to its discharging circuit and to the input of the amplifier during a.

measuring period, relay means responsive to the output of the amplifier for initiating a timing impulse when the potential on the discharging condenser equals the higher of the two potentials to be measured and for terminating the impulse when the Icondenser potential equals the lower of the two potentials, and a timer for indicating the duration of the timing impulse.

3. In apparatus for determining the ratio of the potential on a charged condenser to -a lower potential, a circuit comprising a resistor for discharging the condenser, an electron-tube amplier for following the potential of the discharging condenser, switching means for connecting the condenser to its discharging circuit and to the input of the amplifier during a measuring period, relay means responsive to the output of the amplifier for initiating a timing impulse at the start of the measuring period and for terminating the impulse when the potential on the discharging condenser equals the aforesaid lower potential, and a timer for indicating the duration of the timing impulse.

4. In apparatus for determining the ratio of the potentials on two charged condensers, a circuit comprising a resistor for discharging the condenser having the higher potential, an electron-tube amplier for following the discharge of the condenser, switching means for connecting the condenser of higher potential to its discharging circuit and to the input of the amplifier during a measuring period, relay means responsive to the output of the amplifier for initiating a timing impulse at the start of the measuring period and for terminating the impulse when the potential on the discharging condenser equals the lower potential of the other charged condenser, and a timer for indicating the duration of the timing impulse.

5. In apparatus for determining the ratio of the potentials on two charged condensers, the combination of individual circuits comprising resistors for discharging the condensers, the resistors being of such magnitudes that the mathematical product of the capacitance of the condenser and the resistance of the resistor is substantially equal for both condenser-resistor pairs, individual electron-tube ampliers for following the potentials of the discharging condensers, switching means for connecting each condenser to its discharging ycircuit and to the input circuit of the corresponding amplier during a measuring period, means responsive to the outputs of the respective ampliers for initiating a timing impulse when the lfalling potential on the charged condenser of lower potential reaches a predetermined low potential and for terminating the timing impulse when the falling potential on the other of the charged condensers reaches the same predetermined low potential, and a timer for indicating the duration of the timing impulse.

6. In apparatus for determining the ratio of the potentials on two charged condensers, the combination of an auxiliary condenser, means for charging the latter to a potential at least equal to the higher of the potentials of the two charged condensers, a circuit comprising a resistor for discharging the auxiliary condenser, an electron-tube amplier for following the potential of the auxiliary condenser, switching means for connecting the auxiliary condenser to its discharging circuit and to the input of the amplifier during a measuring period, relay means responsive to the output of the amplier for initiating a timing impulse when the potential on the discharging auxiliary condenser equals the potential of that one of two charged condensers which is at the higher potential and for terminating the impulse when the potential on the auxiliary condenser equals that of the other of the two charged condensers, and a timer for indicating the duration of the timing impulse.

7. In apparatus for determining the ratio of the potentials on two charged condensers, the combination of an auxiliary condenser, means for charging the latter to a potential at least equal to the higher of the potentials of the twor charged condensers, a circuit for discharging the auxiliary condenser, and means for measuring the difference in the times required for the auxiliary condenser to discharge to a potential equal to the potential of that one of the two charged condensers which is at the higher potential and to discharge to a potential equal to that of the other charged condenser.

JASON L. SAUNDERSON. VICTOR J. CALDECOURT. EUGENE W. PETERSON.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,044,424 Edwards et al June 16, 1936 2,177,569 Jorgensen Oct. 24, 1939 2,370,692 Shepherd Mar. 6, 1945 2,408,727 Blitz Oct. 8, 1946 

